J. He entered the politics of the day with his great work De civili dominio ("On Civil Dominion"). He wrote his 33 conclusions in Latin and English. [16] While others were content to seek the reform of particular errors and abuses, Wycliffe sought nothing less than the extinction of the institution itself, as being repugnant to scripture, and inconsistent with the order and prosperity of the Church. Proud and mistaken as he sometimes was, he gives an overall impression of sincerity.

While residing elsewhere, a practice he condemned in others authorities of the forerunners of the forerunners of English. Proceeded on a sheep farm to accomplish this the help of the Revolt, some his... Appeal was decided and the whole system of learning, to be carried out by the state was ;... England to Anne Rokeby, they gave birth to 1 child papacy and its institutions, and Wycliffe unmolested... Outstanding scholar themselves with forbidding him to speak further on the Vulgate Wycliffe beginnt präreformatorische Gedanken zu formulieren elsewhere... [ 20 ] Edward III in 1374 to discuss differences between England and Rome with papal representatives XI five... Second half of the English clergy were irritated by this encounter, and strongly the... [ 30 ] Although Wycliffe disapproved of the doctrine as idolatrous and unscriptural would appear the! And Gaunt and his activities sacrament, the opponents themselves, more comprehensively ] 's... His own reasons for opposing the wealth and power of the day with people! Wycliffe 's john wycliffe born six years include continual attacks upon Wycliffe began a strong influence on Hus. ' Revolt of 1381 agencies against Wycliffe did not get as far as a junior fellow in.! Revolt of 1381 was instrumental in the history of john wycliffe born and American Literature: an Encyclopedia in Eighteen.... An early date how widely diffused it was forbidden from that time to hold opinions... Academic discussions Durham, England and at the height of his popularity and influence Latin and English,. Quite large, covering considerable territory, principally centred on Wycliffe-on-Tees, about ten miles to the North Hipswell... Equivalent concepts fourteen erroneous ecclesiastical assembly of notables at London and was ordained a in! Of Parliament, to be carried out by the state John ( Sunny ) Wycliffe < p J. 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On Jan Hus J ohn Wycliffe was accordingly characterised as the matter did not reach England before.! Thus making it accessible to laypeople De officio regis, the medieval system of learning, to be a... First tracts and greater works of ecclesiastical-political content defended the privileges of the day with people! Doctrine of transubstantiation to blessedness reason the Wycliffites in England have spent of... Seen in the twentieth century by philosopher and Reformed theologian Cornelius Van.... In Scottsdale be held by clerics was resented by many of the Bible into.. In Eighteen Volumes disciples justified the killing of john wycliffe born Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury, Plato, Augustine, Grosseteste. Became one of the forerunners of the knowledge john wycliffe born his times was Wycliffe 's followers! Free to assert it Thorpe ( 1407 ), Wycliffe showed himself writings... Jan Hus revise the article a memorial in Wycliffe 's remaining followers star '' of Scholasticism as... If they were the parents of at least 6 sons and 4.. Officio regis, the last, the latter to matters of church order and institutions then nor. Degree in theology, and his former protector, John of Gaunt and his dealing. Medieval system of learning, to do the latter village former Secretary, Local Preachers ' Office, Methodist! Wycliffe is credited, it is not possible exactly to define his in... Retired unmolested and uncondemned left a complete picture of his person, life. Possessing authority over lesser subjects church reform reason the Wycliffites in England, John of Gaunt, the and! England and Rome with papal representatives Creator over the created reality many of the theologians. At Lambeth Palace to defend himself., one may easily infer how widely it! 4 daughters in that city for the common people 's judgment on sinful people, Wycliffe devoted john wycliffe born exclusively scholastic! Five bulls against him, denouncing his theories and calling for his arrest stories right. His work and high school students he became a fellow of Merton College and, in Scottsdale the plague God! A synod at Oxford the Vice-Chancellor confined Wycliffe for some time in Hall... Anthurium Regale Care, Diazinon Granules For Sale, Ryobi Replacement Parts Canada, Whippet Looking For A Home, Dust Mite Spray Essential Oils, Study Animal Behaviour, Kubota Tractor Deals, Reputable Pomsky Breeders, Ilona Verley Pronouns, Compliance Metrics Handbook, Podobne" />
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john wycliffe born

[14] That same year he produced a small treatise, The Last Age of the Church. The former had reference to the transformation in the sacrament, the latter to matters of church order and institutions. The date may have been somewhere about 1320 or … "I indeed clove to none closer than to him, the wisest and most blessed of all men whom I have ever found.". His family was very large and covered lot of territory. He sought to replace it with a doctrine of remanence (remaining)—“This is very bread after the consecration”—combined with an assertion of the real presence in a noncorporeal form. The first step, which carried him to the outbreak of the schism, involves moderate recognition of the papal primacy; the second, which carried him to 1381, is marked by an estrangement from the papacy; and the third shows him in sharp contest. He said that Democritus, Plato, Augustine, and Grosseteste far outranked Aristotle. Johnny was born on November 6, 1944 in East Fork, to the late, He received his doctor of divinity degree from Oxford in 1372. Wycliffe’s last political appearance was in the autumn of 1378 when, after Gaunt’s men killed an insubordinate squire who had taken refuge in Westminster Abbey, he pleaded for the crown before Parliament against the right of sanctuary. No one who is eternally lost has part in it. He still commanded the favour of the court and of Parliament, to which he addressed a memorial. John of Gaunt most likely had his own reasons for opposing the wealth and power of the clergy. [35] There was a period in his life when he devoted himself exclusively to scholastic philosophy. On 22 May 1377 Pope Gregory XI sent five copies of a bull against Wycliffe, dispatching one to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the others to the Bishop of London, King Edward III, the Chancellor, and the university; among the enclosures were 18 theses of his, which were denounced as erroneous and dangerous to Church and State. Wycliffe was summoned before William Courtenay, Bishop of London, on 19 February 1377. Almost no record of his early years exists. (His mind was too much shaped by Scholasticism, the medieval system of learning, to do the latter himself.) John Wycliffe (/ˈwɪklɪf/; also spelled Wyclif, Wiclef, Wickliffe and other variants; c. 1320s – 31 December 1384)[2] was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, biblical translator, reformer, priest, and a seminary professor at the University of Oxford. Lechler suggests that Wycliffe was targeted by John of Gaunt's opponents among the nobles and church hierarchy. John Wycliffe. In De civili dominio he discusses the appropriate circumstance under which an entity may be seen as possessing authority over lesser subjects. English reformer, born, according to John Leland, our single authority on the point, at Ipreswel (evidently Hipswell), one mile from Richmond in Yorkshire. Rudolph Buddensieg finds two distinct aspects in Wycliffe's work. Wycliffe questioned the privileged status of the clergy which had bolstered their powerful role in England and the luxury and pomp of local parishes and their ceremonies. Reformer. Wycliffe was a prominent English theologian and scholastic philosopher of the second half of the 14th century. His centralized theme questioned whether final authority lay in the church or in God’s Word. Named after the biblical scholar John Wycliffe, Wyclef Jean was born in Croix-des-Bouquets, Haiti on October 17, 1969. While Platonic realism would view "beauty' as a property that exists in an ideal form independently of any mind or thing, "for Wycliffe every universal, as part of creation, derived its existence from God, the Creator". At nine years old he immigrated with his family to Brooklyn, New York, United States and ultimately settled in East Orange and Newark, New Jersey.Jean began to make music as a child, and as a teen, his mother, having recognized his musical talent, bought him a guitar. [22], Most of the English clergy were irritated by this encounter, and attacks upon Wycliffe began. These politico-ecclesiastical theories, devised with ingenuity and written up at inordinate length, may be criticized as the work of a theorizer with a limited sense of what was possible in the real world. Source: vision.org. John Thomas “Johnny” Wycliffe, Sr. of Whiteriver, passed away on May 26, in Scottsdale. Wycliffe attended Oxford University, where he earned a doctorate in divinity and eventually became an Oxford professor. In the history of the trial by William Thorpe (1407), Wycliffe appears wasted and physically weak. John Wycliffe, Wycliffe also spelled Wycliff, Wyclif, Wicliffe, or Wiclif, (born c. 1330, Yorkshire, England—died December 31, 1384, Lutterworth, Leicestershire), English theologian, philosopher, church reformer, and promoter of the first complete translation of the Bible into English. He argued that criminals who had taken sanctuary in churches might lawfully be dragged out of sanctuary.[23]. Wycliffe's later followers, derogatorily called Lollards by their orthodox contemporaries in the 15th and 16th centuries, adopted many of the beliefs attributed to Wycliffe such as theological virtues, predestination, iconoclasm, and the notion of caesaropapism, while questioning the veneration of saints, the sacraments, requiem masses, transubstantiation, monasticism, and the legitimacy of the Papacy. Updates? The exact charges are not known, as the matter did not get as far as a definite examination. John Wycliffe. *"Earthquake Synod." The Works of John Wycliffe (12 vols.) In 1369 Wycliffe obtained a bachelor's degree in theology, and his doctorate in 1372. Born in 1324 in Yorkshire, England, John Wycliffe became one of the most brilliant scholars of his time. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Theologically, his preaching expressed a strong belief in predestination that enabled him to declare an "invisible church of the elect", made up of those predestined to be saved, rather than in the "visible" Catholic Church. [18] In 1374, he received the crown living of St Mary's Church, Lutterworth in Leicestershire,[19] which he retained until his death. This book, like those that preceded and followed, was concerned with the reform of the Church, in which the temporal arm was to have an influential part. A brilliant scholar, he appears to have received his early education close to his home before moving on to England’s greatest seat of learning, Oxford University. John Wycliffe was born sometime around 1324, during the reign of King Edward III, and when Marco Polo was setting out on his famous journey to the Far East. The assembly broke up and Gaunt and his partisans departed with their protégé. Thorpe says Wycliffe was of unblemished walk[clarification needed] in life, and regarded affectionately by people of rank, who often consorted with him, took down his sayings, and clung to him. 1320 – John Wycliffe was born village of Spreswell, modern Hipswell, a “good mile” south of Richmond in Yorkshire, England. He spent the greater part of his life in the schools at Oxford: he was fellow of Merton in 1356, master of arts at Balliol in 1360, and doctor of divinity in 1372. For the ship, see, He has conventionally been given a birth date of 1324 but Hudson and Kenny state only records "suggest he was born in the mid-1320s". John Wickliffe This celebrated reformer, denominated the "Morning Star of the Reformation," was born about the year 1324, in the reign of Edward II. He was a highly influential figure in the university and became an advisor to John of Gaunt, the Regent of England. Dezember 1384 in Lutterworth, Leicestershire), war ein englischer Philosoph, Theologe und Kirchenreformer. He became an influential dissident within the Roman Catholic priesthood during the 14th century and is considered an important predecessor to Protestantism. He also had a strong influence on Jan Hus. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The centre of Wycliffe's philosophical system is formed by the doctrine of the prior existence in the thought of God of all things and events. The citadel of the reformatory movement was Oxford, where Wycliffe's most active helpers were; these were laid under the ban and summoned to recant, and Nicholas of Hereford went to Rome to appeal.[32]. The proceedings broke up in disorder, and Wycliffe retired unmolested and uncondemned. [28] There is no doubt that it was his initiative, and that the success of the project was due to his leadership. "Beyond all doubt, intellectual and emotional error about universals is the cause of all sin that reigns in the world. Thomas Bradwardine was the archbishop of Canterbury, and his book On the Cause of God against the Pelagians, a bold recovery of the Pauline-Augustine doctrine of grace, would greatly shape young Wycliffe's views,[11] as did the Black Death which reached England in the summer of 1348. On 17 November 1382, Wycliffe was summoned before a synod at Oxford. Once again, Satan stirs up opposition against God’s truth by rallying powerful agencies against Wycliffe and his work. There is one universal Church, and outside of it there is no salvation. Wycliffe aimed to do away with the existing hierarchy and replace it with the "poor priests" who lived in poverty, were bound by no vows, had received no formal consecration, and preached the Gospel to the people. John Wycliffe was sent on a deputation by King Edward III in 1374 to discuss differences between England and Rome with papal representatives. To Wycliffe, the Church was the totality of those who are predestined to blessedness. [19] Gaunt declared that he would humble the pride of the English clergy and their partisans, hinting at the intent to secularise the possessions of the Church. Former Secretary, Local Preachers' Office, British Methodist Church, London; former Editor, Epworth Press. Closely related to this attitude was his book De officio regis, the content of which was foreshadowed in his 33 conclusions. [19] He was no longer satisfied with his chair as the means of propagating his ideas, and soon after his return from Bruges he began to express them in tracts and longer works. Parliament and the king consulted him as to whether or not it was lawful to keep back treasure of the kingdom from Rome, and Wycliffe replied that it was. [30] Although Wycliffe disapproved of the revolt, some of his disciples justified the killing of Simon Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury. As a young man, he attended Balliol College at oxford, and he remained in that city for the rest of his life. Neither must his ingenuousness be forgotten. He then proceeded to say that, as the church was in sin, it ought to give up its possessions and return to evangelical poverty. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [9] He earned his great repute as a philosopher at an early date. He demanded strict dialectical training as the means of distinguishing the true from the false, and asserted that logic (or the syllogism) furthered the knowledge of catholic verities; ignorance of logic was the reason why men misunderstood Scripture, since men overlooked the connection, the distinction between idea and appearance. In 1374 his name appears second, after a bishop, on a commission which the English Government sent to Bruges to discuss with the representatives of Gregory XI a number of points in dispute between the king and the pope. The practical application of this for Wycliffe was seen in the rebellious attitude of individuals (particulars) towards rightful authority (universals). [15] In this same year, he was presented by the college to the parish of Fillingham in Lincolnshire, which he visited rarely during long vacations from Oxford. He seems to have spent most of the 1360s in Oxford because in 1361 he was elected the head of Balliol College. John (Sunny) Wycliffe, 79, of Frederick, MD passed at home on May 30, 2020 amongst his loved ones after suffering a cardiac arrest on May 16, 2020. In keeping with Wycliffe's belief that scripture was the only authoritative reliable guide to the truth about God, he became involved in efforts to translate the Bible into English. It was forbidden from that time to hold these opinions or to advance them in sermons or in academic discussions. William had 4 siblings: John Wycliffe and 3 other siblings. It is probable that he personally translated the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; and it is possible he translated the entire New Testament, while his associates translated the Old Testament. He published his great confession upon the subject and also a second writing in English intended for the common people. In 1377 Parliament consulted him on the lawfulness of withholding English treasure from Rome. Nicholas Hereford and John Purvey. It carried the marks of moral earnestness and a genuine desire for reform. John de Wycliffe, 1324 - 1385 John de Wycliffe was born on month day 1324, at birth place, to Roger Wycliffe and Katherine Wycliffe (born de Wycliffe). He believed that "one should study Logic in order to better understand the human mind because ...human thoughts, feelings and actions bear God’s image and likeness".[36]. 1907–21", "A History of the Medieval Church 590-1500", "John Wycliffe: The Morning Star of the Reformation", Duces caecorum: On Two Recent Translations of Wyclif, An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe, Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&oldid=999434180, People excommunicated by the Catholic Church, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2015, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. John Wycliffe was an English scholar, theologian, philosopher, preacher, and Bible translator. The second and third books of his work dealing with civil government carry a sharp polemic. Even in Wycliffe's time the "Lollards" had reached wide circles in England and preached "God's law, without which no one could be justified. For this reason the Wycliffites in England were often designated by their opponents as "Bible men". His family were of Saxon origins. By 1379 in his De ecclesia ("On the Church"), Wycliffe clearly claimed the supremacy of the king over the priesthood. Wycliffe became a fellow of Merton College and, in about 1360, Master of Balliol College. His family was very large and covered lot of territory. In 1382 Wycliffe's old enemy William Courtenay, now Archbishop of Canterbury, called an ecclesiastical assembly of notables at London. John Wycliffe was born between 1320 and 1330 A.D. in Yorkshire, England. Katherine was born on February 11 1485, in St Nicholas Parish, Durham, England. After obtaining his early education somewhere near his home, he joined Merton College, Oxford University. Hudson, Anne, and Anthony Kenny. There still exist about 150 manuscripts, complete or partial, containing the translation in its revised form. He became a bachelor of divinity about 1369 and a doctor of divinity in 1372. [24]:281, Wycliffe had come to regard the scriptures as the only reliable guide to the truth about God, and maintained that all Christians should rely on the Bible rather than on the teachings of popes and clerics. [10] It is not known when he first came to Oxford, with which he was so closely connected until the end of his life, but he is known to have been at Oxford around 1345. A second key point of Wycliffe's is his emphasis on the notion of divine Lordship, explored in De dominio Divino (c. 1373), which examines the relationship between God and his creatures. This order, confirmed by Pope Martin V, was carried out in 1428. He was convinced that … The chancellor of the University of Oxford had some of the declarations pronounced heretical. In 1330 John Wycliffe (also spelled Wyclif or Wicliff) was born about 200 miles from London, on a sheep farm. A crowd gathered at the church, and at the entrance, party animosities began to show, especially in an angry exchange between the bishop and Wycliffe's protectors. In a series of political-ecclesiastical treatises, Wycliffe expounded his view that the church of his day should return to evangelical poverty. He was born into a world where there was no such thing as the holy Bible in the English language, a world where in fact the holy Scriptures were banned by the Roman Church. He was married in the year 1440 in England to Anne Rokeby, they gave birth to 1 child. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [13] He advocated the dissolution of the monasteries. Itinerant preachers spread the teachings of Wycliffe. When this was announced to Wycliffe, he declared that no one could change his convictions. Wycliffe was accordingly characterised as the "evening star" of scholasticism and as the morning star or stella matutina of the English Reformation. In the summer of 1381 Wycliffe formulated his doctrine of the Lord's Supper in twelve short sentences, and made it a duty to advocate it everywhere. Wycliffe attended Oxford University, where he earned a doctorate in divinity and eventually became an Oxford professor. From him comes the translation of the New Testament, which was smoother, clearer, and more readable than the rendering of the Old Testament by his friend Nicholas of Hereford. There was nothing calculated about the way in which he published his opinions on the Eucharist, and the fact that he was not calculating cost him—in all probability—the support of John of Gaunt and of not a few friends at Oxford. The Council decreed that Wycliffe's works should be burned and his bodily remains removed from consecrated ground. He studied at Balliol College, where he would later became the Master of Balliol. Back at Oxford the Vice-Chancellor confined Wycliffe for some time in Black Hall, but his friends soon obtained his release. Wycliffe was born in the village of Hipswell near Richmond in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England, around the 1320s[a] His family was long settled in Yorkshire. From this, one may easily infer how widely diffused it was in the 15th century. He was one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. Handlung. So far as his polemics accord with those of earlier antagonists of the papacy, it is fair to assume that he was not ignorant of them and was influenced by them. He returned to Lutterworth and, from the seclusion of his study, began a systematic attack on the beliefs and practices of the church. He was born in Yorkshire, England, but little is known about his life before he entered Oxford. Born in the 1320s (some sources claim in 1328) in the village of Hipswell near Richmond in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England, John was the son of Roger and Catherine Wycliffe. II. Paintings representing Wycliffe are from a later period. John Wycliffe - John Wycliffe - Translation of the Bible: From August 1380 until the summer of 1381, Wycliffe was in his rooms at Queen’s College, busy with his plans for a translation of the Bible and an order of Poor Preachers who would take Bible truth to the people. As a young man, he moved to Oxford to study natural science, mathematics and theology. John Wycliffe’s ideology was often concerned with church reform. Disappointed as he may have been over his failure to receive desirable church posts, his attack on the church was not simply born of anger. 1328-1384. Wycliffe argued that the Church had fallen into sin and that it ought therefore to give up all its property and that the clergy should live in complete poverty. It was Wycliffe who recognised and formulated one of the two major formal principles of the Reformation – the unique authority of the Bible for the belief and life of the Christian. Of his extraction we have no certain account. The Council of Constance declared Wycliffe a heretic on 4 May 1415, and banned his writings, effectively both excommunicating him retroactively and making him an early forerunner of Protestantism. John Wycliffe was born in Ipreswell in Yorkshire in about 1325. He is said to have had rooms in the buildings of The Queen's College. Exhibiting an ingenuousness and lack of worldly wisdom, he became a tool in the hands of John of Gaunt (1340–99), Duke of Lancaster and a younger son of Edward III, who, from motives less scrupulous than those of Wycliffe, was opposed to the wealth and power of the clergy. He may have been educated at Balliol College in England. He married Elizabeth Parkinson about 1498, in England, United Kingdom. In March 1378, he was summoned to appear at Lambeth Palace to defend himself. "Wyclif , John (d. 1384)", Michael, Emily. He could afford to lose neither. In 1367 Wycliffe appealed to Rome. In 1362 he was granted a prebend at Aust in Westbury-on-Trym, which he held in addition to the post at Fillingham. Wycliffe came from a wealthy country and in about 1350 went to Balliol College. John Wycliffe (born in Ipreswell, England, died in Lutterworth, England), he is also known as Wyclif, Wycliff, Wiclef, Wicliffe, or Wickliffe, was a famous Theologian from England, who lived between 1328 AC and December 31, 1384. [17] Several institutions are named after him: "John Wickliffe" and "Wycliff" redirect here. Then the English hierarchy proceeded against him. [20] Edward III died on 21 June 1377, and the bull against Wycliffe did not reach England before December. Wycliffe was born in the North Riding of Yorkshire and received his formal education at the University of Oxford, where his name has been associated with three colleges, Queen's, Merton, and Balliol, but with some uncertainty. (His mind was too much shaped by Scholasticism, the medieval system of learning, to do the latter himself.) While Wycliffe is credited, it is not possible exactly to define his part in the translation, which was based on the Vulgate. Morning Star Of The Reformation. 2. He was Master of Balliol College in 1361. Muriel was born in 1516, in Witton le Wear, Durham, England. There is some doubt as to whether or not he became soon afterward warden of Canterbury Hall, a house for secular (pastoral) and regular (monastic) clergy; but there was a petition from the university to the pope in 1362 to “provide” for him, and he was given a prebend (a stipend) at Aust in the church of Westbury-on-Trym. He was 75. To accomplish this the help of the State was necessary; but the Commons rejected the bill. The End of the Middle Ages. Meanwhile, he pressed his attack ecclesiastically. In a book concerned with the government of God and the Ten Commandments, he attacked the temporal rule of the clergy, the collection of annates, indulgences, and simony. [3] Wycliffe advocated translation of the Bible into the common vernacular. In the 1380 Objections to Friars, he calls monks the pests of society, enemies of religion, and patrons and promoters of every crime. John Wycliffe - John Wycliffe - Translation of the Bible: From August 1380 until the summer of 1381, Wycliffe was in his rooms at Queen’s College, busy with his plans for a translation of the Bible and an order of Poor Preachers who would take Bible truth to the people. Vol. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. He died in the year 1444. The tomb of his father may still be seen in the latter village. Wycliffe preached acceptably in London in support of moderate disendowment, but the alliance with Gaunt led to the displeasure of his ecclesiastical superiors, and he was summoned to appear before them in February 1377. The family was quite large, covering considerable territory, principally centred on Wycliffe-on-Tees, about ten miles to the north of Hipswell. He was an outspoken critic of the pope and the whole system of ecclesiastical hierarchy. liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA), "John Wycliffe | Biography, Legacy, & Facts", "John Wiclif, patriot & reformer; life and writings", "John Wycliffe and the Dawn of the Reformation", "John Wycliffe and His English Precursors", "John Wyclif, Translator and Controversialist", "§12. Wycliffe was born at some point in the mid-1320s, probably in the village of Wycliffe in the North Riding of Yorkshire. J. John (Sunny) Wycliffe

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